Found this in the docs for target_compile_options
: https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/target_compile_options.html#option-de-duplication
Building a list of options with it, like so, works:
if(EXISTS "${MODULE_SOURCE_DIR}/module.modulemap")
list(APPEND LOCAL_CXX_FLAGS "SHELL:-Xcc -fmodule-map-file=${MODULE_SOURCE_DIR}/module.modulemap")
endif()